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Viruses Back to Life
Viruses are not cellular. Although
they reproduce, they can only do so only by entering a host cell and making
use of its machinery for replication. Viruses are bits of genetic material,
apparently derived from their hosts. Thus, as Margulis & Schwartz (1988)
put it, the polio and flu viruses are probably more closely related to
people, and the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to tobacco, than polio and TMV
are to each other.
The information below is mainly
from the National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy browser and the main
object of presenting the classification is to put particular viruses such as HIV
into the context of the overall diversity of viruses.
- Deltavirus
(e.g. Hepatitis D virus)
- dsDNA viruses, no RNA stage
- Adenoviridae. e.g.
Atadenovirus, Aviadenovirus, Mastadenovirus
- African swine fever-like viruses
- Ascoviridae. e.g.
ascovirus
- Baculoviridae. e.g.
Granulovirus, Nucleopolyhedrovirus
- Corticoviridae. e.g.
Corticovirus
- Fuselloviridae.
e.g. Fusellovirus
- Herpesviridae
- Alphaherpesvirinae
- Betaherpesvirinae
- Gammaherpesvirinae (lymphoproliferative
virus group)
- Iridoviridae. e.g.
Iridovirus (small
iridescent insect viruses), Lymphocystivirus, Ranavirus
- Lipothrixviridae
e.g. Lipothrixvirus
- Papovaviridae
e.g. Papillomavirus, Polyomavirus
- Phycodnaviridae
- Plasmaviridae
- Polydnaviridae. e.g.
Bracovirus, Ichnovirus
- Poxviridae
- Chordopoxvirinae
- Entomopoxvirinae
- Tailed phages
- Myoviridae. Phages with contractile
tails.
- Podoviridae.
Phages with short tails.
- Siphoviridae. Phages with long
non-contractile tails.
- Tectiviridae
- dsRNA viruses
- Birnaviridae. e.g.
Aquabirnavirus,
Avibirnavirus, Birnavirus, Entomobirnavirus, Picobirnavirus
- Cystoviridae
- Hypoviridae
- Partitiviridae. e.g.
Alphacryptovirus, Partitivirus
- Reoviridae. e.g.
Aquareovirus, Coltivirus,
Cypovirus (cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses), Fijivirus, Orbivirus,
Orthoreovirus, Oryzavirus, Phytoreovirus (plant reovirus 1), Rotavirus
- Totiviridae (monopartite dsRNA genome
mycoviruses). e.g. Giardiavirus, Leishmaniavirus,
Totivirus
- Retroid viruses
Badnavirus e.g. banana streak virus,
Cacao swollen shoot virus, Commelina yellow mottle virus, Dioscorea
alata bacilliform virus, Sugarcane bacilliform virus) Caulimovirus (e.g. Carnation etched ring
virus, Cauliflower mosaic virus, Figwort mosaic virus, Peanut chlorotic
streak virus, petunia vein clearing virus, Soybean chlorotic mottle
virus, Strawberry vein banding virus) - Hepadnaviridae
(hepatitis B-type viruses)
- Avihepadnavirus
(avian hepatitis B-type
viruses)
- Orthohepadnavirus (mammalian hepatitis
B-type viruses)
- Retroviridae
- Satellites
(e.g. Satellite cucumber mosaic virus, Satellite tobacco mosaic virus,
Tomato leaf curl virus satellite)
- ssDNA viruses
- Circoviridae
- Geminiviridae. e.g.
Begomovirus, Curtovirus, Mastrevirus. Mastrevirus
species infect mainly grasses and are obligatively transmitted by
leafhoppers insects (Hemiptera:
Cicadellidae). An example is the Maize
Streak Virus.
- Inoviridae. e.g.
Inovirus, Plectrovirus
- Microviridae (isometric ssDNA phages). e.g.
Chlamydiamicrovirus, Microvirus, Spiromicrovirus
- Nanovirus. e.g. Coconut foliar decay
virus, Subterranean clover stunt virus
- Parvoviridae (e.g. Densovirinae,
Parvovirinae)
- ssRNA negative-strand viruses
- Arenaviridae
- Bunyaviridae. e.g.
Bunyavirus, Hantavirus,
Nairovirus, Phlebovirus, Tospovirus
- Mononegavirales (negative-sense genome
single-stranded RNA viruses)
- Borna disease virus
- Filoviridae
- Paramyxoviridae
- Rhabdoviridae
Ophiovirus. e.g. citrus ringspot
virus. - Orthomyxoviridae (e.g. Influenza virus,
Thogoto-like viruses)
Tenuivirus.
e.g. maize stripe virus, rice
grassy stunt virus, rice hoja blanca virus, rice stripe virus
- ssRNA positive-strand viruses, no DNA stage
- Astroviridae. e.g.
Astrovirus, Avian
nephritis virus.
- Barnaviridae
- Bromoviridae. e.g.
Alfamovirus, Bromovirus,
Cucumovirus, Ilarvirus
- Caliciviridae.
e.g. Calicivirus, Lagovirus
- Capillovirus. e.g. Apple stem grooving
virus, Cherry capillovirus, Citrus tatter leaf virus
- Carlavirus. e.g. apple stem pitting virus,
blueberry scorch virus, Poplar mosaic virus, Potato viruses
- Closteroviridae. e.g.
Closterovirus, Crinivirus
- Comoviridae. e.g.
Comovirus, Fabavirus, Nepovirus
Dianthovirus. e.g.
Carnation ringspot virus,
Red clover necrotic mosaic virus - Flaviviridae. e.g.
Flavivirus (arboviruses
group B), Hepatitis C-like viruses, Pestivirus
Furovirus.
e.g. broad bean necrosis virus,
Potato mop-top virus, soil-borne wheat mosaic virus Hordeivirus.
e.g. Barley stripe mosaic virus Idaeovirus.
e.g. Raspberry bushy dwarf virus - Leviviridae. e.g.
Allolevivirus, Levivirus
- Luteoviridae. e.g.
Enamovirus, Luteovirus, Polerovirus
Machlomovirus.
e.g. Maize chlorotic mottle virus Marafivirus. e.g. maize rayado fino virus,
oat blue dwarf virus, Poinsettia mosaic virus Necrovirus. e.g. leek white stripe virus,
Tobacco necrosis virus - Nidovirales
- Arteriviridae
- Coronaviridae
- Nodaviridae
Pecluvirus. e.g. Peanut clump
virus - Picornaviridae. e.g.
Enterovirus, Hepatovirus,
Rhinovirus (common cold viruses), Teschovirus. Includes Aphthovirus
which is the cause of foot-and-mouth disease.
Potexvirus. e.g. Bamboo mosaic virus,
Cassava common mosaic virus, Clover yellow mosaic virus - Potyviridae. e.g. Narcissus latent virus,
Potyvirus, Rymovirus, Wheat streak mosaic virus
- Sequiviridae. e.g.
Sequivirus, Waikavirus
Sobemovirus. e.g. Lucerne transient streak
virus, Rice yellow mottle virus, Subterranean clover mottle virus - Tetraviridae. e.g. Betatetravirus,
Omegatetravirus
Tobamovirus.
e.g. Cucumber green mottle
mosaic virus, frangipani mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus Tobravirus. e.g.
Pea early browning virus,
Pepper ringspot virus, Tobacco rattle virus - Togaviridae. e.g.
Alphavirus (arboviruses
group A), Rubivirus
- Tombusviridae. e.g.
Carmovirus, Panicum
mosaic virus, Tombusvirus
Trichovirus.
e.g. Apple chlorotic leaf
spot virus, Grapevine viruses - Tymovirus. e.g. Cacao yellow mosaic virus,
Eggplant mosaic virus, Turnip yellow mosaic virus
Umbravirus.
e.g. carrot mottle mimic
virus, groundnut rosette virus
Links
References
Text by Hamish Robertson
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