|
Acanthaceae (Black-eyed susan family)
Life
> eukaryotes >
Archaeoplastida >
Chloroplastida
>
Charophyta > Streptophytina > Plantae (land plants)
> Tracheophyta (vascular plants) > Euphyllophyta > Lignophyta (woody plants)
> Spermatophyta (seed plants) > Angiospermae (flowering
plants)
> Eudicotyledons > Core Eudicots > Asterids > Euasterid I > Order: Lamiales
There are about 350 genera and 4350 species
worldwide (mainly in the tropics and subtropics), with about 43
genera and 351 species in southern Africa.
Genera native to southern Africa
Information from Balkwill & Welman (2000), Welman (2003),
Leistner (2005),
Flora of Zimbabwe and
Flora of Mozambique.
|
Acanthopale
Fifteen species, native to the Old World tropics, with one
species, Acanthopale pubescens, native to Zimbabwe and Mozambique
where it is found in the understorey of evergreen forest. See
Flora of Zimbabwe. |
|
|
Acanthopsis
Eight species, endemic to
southern Africa, occurring in arid regions. |
|
|
Adhatoda
Many species in the Old World
tropics. Two species are native to southern Africa. |
|
|
Anisotes
Nineteen species, native to
Africa, Arabian Peninsula and Madagascar. Three species are native to southern
Africa. |
|
|
Asystasia
About 70 species, native from
Africa to the East Indies and Australia. Nine species are native to
southern Africa. |
|
|
Avicennia About eight
species, found in coastal mangroves lagoons worldwide. The only species native to southern Africa is Avicennia marina. This genus was
previously placed in its own family, the Avicenniaceae, but evidence now
suggests that it is part of the Acanthaceae (see
Angiosperm Phylogeny
Website). |
|
|
Barleria
About 250 species, found
worldwide but mainly in the tropics. Seventy species are native to southern
Africa. |
 |
|
Blepharis
About 80 species, found from
Africa and the Mediterranean to the East Indies. There are 51 species
in southern Africa. |
 |
|
Brillantaisia
About
40 species, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar, with two species
native to southern Africa (Zimbabwe and Mozambique). |
|
|
Chaetacanthus
The 3 species are endemic
to southern Africa. |
|
|
Chorisochora
Of the 3 species, 2 are
found on Socotra and 1 in southern Africa. |
|
|
Crabbea
About 12 species of which 7 are
native to southern Africa. |
|
|
Crossandra
About 50 species, native to
Africa, Arabian Peninsula, India and Madagascar. Four species are found in
southern Africa. |
 |
|
Dicliptera
About 150 species, found
worldwide in warm and tropical regions. There are 15 species native to southern Africa . In addition, Dicliptera suberecta, which is native to Uruguay, is cultivated in gardens in the region. |
 |
|
Duosperma
The 12 species are native to
Africa with 2 occurring in southern Africa. |
|
|
Duvernoia
The 2 species are native to
Mozambique and southern Africa. |
 |
|
Dyschoriste
About 65 species, occurring
worldwide in tropical and warm areas. In southern Africa there are 11
species. |
|
|
Ecbolium
The 22 species are found from
Africa to India with 3 occurring in southern Africa. |
|
|
Elytraria
About 7 species, native to
Africa, Asia and America, with 1 species, Elytraria
lyrata occurring
in southern Africa. |
|
|
Glossochilus
The 2 species are endemic
to southern Africa. |
|
|
Hygrophila
A mainly tropical genus of
about 100 species with 10 species native to southern Africa. |
|
|
Hypoestes
About 40 species, found from
Africa to Asia, East Indies and Australia, with 3 species occurring in
southern Africa. |
 |
|
Isoglossa
About 50 species, found in the
Old World, mainly in the tropics. There are 15 species in southern
Africa. |
|
|
Justicia
About 420 species, found worldwide in warm areas. There
are 23 species native to southern Africa and at least seven exotic species
that are cultivated in gardens of this region, including Justicia
brandegeeana (Shrimp plant) pictured on the right. |
 |
|
Lepidagathis
About 100 species, found
worldwide in warm and tropical areas. Two species are native to southern
Africa. |
|
|
Mackaya
The single species, Mackaya
bella, is native to southern Africa. |
 |
|
Megalochlamys
The 10 species are native
to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula with 4 species occurring in southern
Africa. |
|
|
Metarungia
The 3 species are native to
Africa, 2 of which occur in southern Africa. |
|
|
Monechma
About 40 species, mainly
African but also occurring in India. There are 19 species in southern
Africa. |
|
|
Nelsonia
The 5 species are native to
Africa, India, Australia and South America. One species, Nelsonia
canescens, occurs in southern Africa. |
|
|
Neuracanthus
About 20 species, native to
Africa, and from the Arabian Peninsula to India. There is one species in
southern Africa, Neuracanthus africanus. |
|
|
Peristrophe
About 15 species , occurring
from Africa to the East Indies. In southern Africa there are 11 species. |
|
|
Petalidium
About 35 species, native from
Africa to India. In southern Africa there are 28 species. |
|
|
Phaulopsis
About 20 species, native from
Africa to India, with 3 species occurring in southern Africa. |
|
|
Pseuderanthemum
About 60 species, found
worldwide in the tropics. There are 2 species in southern Africa. |
|
|
Rhinacanthus
About 22 species, native
from Africa to Asia. In southern Africa there are 3 species. |
|
|
Ruellia
About 150 species, native to
America, Africa, Asia and Australia. About 15 species in southern
Africa. |
|
|
Ruelliopsis
There are 2-3 species,
African with 2 species in southern Africa. |
|
|
Ruspolia
The 4 species are native to
Africa and Madagascar, 3 of which occur in southern Africa. |
|
|
Ruttya
There are 3
species; African with
1 species, Ruttya ovata, occurring in southern Africa. |
|
|
Salpinctium
The 3 species are endemic to
southern Africa. |
|
|
Sclerochiton
About 12 species, native to
Africa with 6 species occurring in southern Africa. |
|
|
Siphonoglossa
About 8 species, native to
Africa and America. There are 3 species native to southern Africa. |
|
|
Thunbergia
About 100 species, native to
Old World, mainly in the tropics. There are 11 species in southern Africa.
Common species: Thunbergia alata (Black-eyed Susan). |
 |
Other genera, cultivated in southern Africa
List from Glen (2002).
|
Acanthus
Four species cultivated, including
Acanthus mollis (Bear's breech), a
common garden plant (see picture right). Acanthus pubescens occurs as
a garden escapee along roadsides in Harare (see
Flora of Zimbabwe), but this is possibly not yet sufficient for it to be
classified as a naturalised species. |
 |
|
Anisacanthus
Two species cultivated. |
|
|
Aphelandra
Two species cultivated. |
|
|
Blechum pyramidatum (Sornia)
Indigenous from Mexico through to South America. |
|
|
Eranthemum
Three species cultivated. |
|
|
Fittonia
Two species cultivated. |
|
|
Graptophyllum
Two species cultivated. |
|
|
Hemigraphis
|
|
|
Megaskepasma erythrochlamys
Native to Venezuela. |
|
|
Odontonema
Two species cultivated. |
|
|
Pachystachys
Two species cultivated. |
|
|
Sanchezia oblonga
Native to Ecuador. |
|
|
Strobilanthes
Two species cultivated. |
|
|
Whitfieldia elongata
Native to tropical Africa. |
|
|
Xantheranthemum igneum
Native to Peru. |
|
Publications
-
Baden, C., Balkwill, K., Getliffe Norris, F.M., Immelman,
K.L., Manning, J.C. & Munday, J. 1995. Acanthaceae: Justiciinae. Flora of
southern Africa 30: 12, 610, 1846.
-
Balkwill, K. 1995. Rhinacanthus. Flora of southern Africa
30: 1114.
-
Balkwill, K. 1996. A sysnopsis of Peristrophe in southern
Africa. Bothalia 26: 8393.
-
Balkwill, K. & Balkwill, M.-J. 1988. Taxonomic studies in
the Acanthaceae: a new species of Dicliptera. South African Journal of
Botany 54: 5559.
-
Balkwill, K., Balkwill, M.-J., Gesell, S. & Melville, K.
1994. Specific concepts in some Acanthaceae and in Becium (Labiatae). In:
J.H. Seyani & A.C. Chikuni (eds), Proceedings of the 13th Plenary Meeting of
AETFAT, Vol. 1: 347358.
-
Balkwill, K., Balkwill, M.-J. & Getliffe Norris, F.M. 1988.
Taxonomic studies in the Acanthaceae: the Peristrophe grandibracteata
complex. South African Journal of Botany 54: 5559.
-
Balkwill, K., Cadman, M.-J. [=Balkwill, M-J. & Getliffe
Norris, F.M. 1985. Taxonomic studies in the Acanthaceae: new species of Peristrophe from the Limpopo Valley.
South African Journal of Botany 51:
485488.
-
Balkwill, K., Cadman, M.-J. [=Balkwill, M-J.] & Getliffe
Norris, F.M. 1986. Dicliptera fruticosa. Flowering Plants of Africa 49:
t.1933.
-
Balkwill, K., Cadman, M.-J. [=Balkwill, M-J.] & Getliffe
Norris, F.M. 1987. Dicliptera capensis. Flowering Plants of Africa 49:
t.1952.
-
Balkwill, K. & Cambell, G.J. 1999. Taxonomic studies in
Acanthaceae: testa microsculpturing in southern African species of Thunbergia.
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 301325.
-
Balkwill, K. & Getliffe Norris, F.M. 1985. Taxonomic studies
in the Acanthaceae; the genus Hypoestes in southern Africa. South African
Journal of Botany 51: 133144.
-
Balkwill, K. & Getliffe Norris, F.M. 1988. Classification of
the Acanthaceae: a southern African perspective. In: P. Goldblatt & P.P.
Lowry II (eds), Proceedings of the 11th Plenary Meeting of AETFAT. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 25:
503516.
-
Balkwill, K. & Getliffe Norris, F.M. 1989. Taxonomic studies
in Acanthaceae: Persistrophe decorticans, a new species. South African
Journal of Botany 55: 254258.
-
Balkwill, K., Getliffe Norris, F.M. & Balkwill, M.-J. 1996.
Systematic studies in the Acanthaceae: Dicliptera in southern Africa.
Kew
Bulletin 51: 161.
-
Balkwill, K., Getliffe Norris, F.M. & Schoonraad, E. 1986.
Taxonomic studies in Acanthaceae: testa microsculpturing in southern African
species of Peristrophe. South African Journal of Botany 52: 513520.
-
Balkwill, M.-J. & Balkwill, K. 1994. Systematic studies in
the Acanthaceae: Barleria: the problem of subdivision. In: J.H. Seyani &
A.C. Chikuni (eds), Proceedings of the 13th Plenary Meeting of AETFAT, Vol.
2: 12571267.
-
Balkwill, M.-J. & Balkwill, K. 1996. Problems with generic
delimitation and subdivision in a large genus, Barleria L. (Acanthaceae).
In: The biodiversity of African plants. Proceedings of the 14th AETFAT
Congress. Kluwer Academic Publications, Dordrecht.
-
Balkwill, M.-J. & Balkwill, K. 1997. Delimitation and
infrageneric classification of Barleria (Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 52:
139.
-
Balkwill, M.-J. & Balkwill, K. 1998. A preliminary analysis
of distribution patterns in a large pantropical genus, Barleria
(Acanthaceae). Journal of Biogeography 25: 95110.
-
Balkwill, M.-J., Balkwill, K. & VINCENT, P.L.D. 1990.
Systematic studies in the Acanthaceae: a new species of Barleria from Natal.
South African Journal of Botany 56: 571576.
-
Balkwill, K. & Welman, W.G. 2000. Acanthaceae. In: Seed Plants of
Southern Africa (ed. O.A. Leistner). Strelitzia 10: 34-45.
National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.
-
Balkwill, M.-J., Stalmans, M.C. & Balkwill, K. 1992.
Systematic studies in the Acanthaceae: a new species of Barleria from the
northeastern Transvaal, with some notes on its ecology. South African
Journal of Botany 58: 286291.
-
Champluvier, D. & Figueiredo, E. 1996. A new combination and
a new name in Oreacanthus (Acanthaceae). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique
National de Belgique 65: 413417.
-
Clarke, C.B. 1901. Acanthaceae. Flora
Capensis 5,1: 1-92.
-
Edwards, T.J. & Getliffe Norris, F.M. 1989. Salpinctium: a
new genus of Acanthaceae in southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany
55: 610.
-
Edwards, T.J. & Getliffe Norris, F.M. 1993. Salpinctium
natalense. Flowering Plants of Africa 52: t.2077.
-
Edwards, T.J. & Getliffe Norris, F.M. 1993. Salpinctium
stenosiphon. Flowering Plants of Africa 52: t.2078.
-
Figueiredo, E. 1996. Typification troubles in the genus Brachystephanus.
Acanthus 6: 3.
-
Figueiredo, E. & JURY, S. 1996. Notes on Brachystephanus
(Acanthacae). Kew Bulletin 51: 753 763.
-
Figueiredo, E. & Keith-Lucas, M. 1996. Pollen morphology of
Brachystephanus (Acanthaceae). Grana 35: 6573.
-
Getliffe Norris, F.M., Balkwill, K. & Manning, J.C. 1985.
New combinations and synonyms in southern African Acanthaceae. South African
Journal of Botany 51: 489.
-
Glen, H.F. 1986. Anisotes rogersii. Flowering Plants of
Africa 49: t.1926.
-
Immelman, K.L. 1984. Justicia flava. Flowering Plants of
Africa 48: t.1898.
-
Glen, H.F. 2002. Cultivated Plants of
Southern Africa. Jacana, Johannesburg.
-
Immelman, K.L. 1984. Justicia petiolaris. Flowering Plants
of Africa 48: t.1897.
-
Immelman,
K.L. 1985. Justicia capensis. Flowering Plants of Africa 48: t.1920.
-
Immelman, K.L. 1986. Justicia anselliana. Flowering Plants
of Africa 49: t.1932.
-
Immelman, K.L. 1986. Justicia bolusii. Flowering
Plants of Africa 49: t.1931.
-
Immelman, K.L. 1986. Notes on some South African species of
Justicia (Acanthaceae). Bothalia 16: 3941.
-
Immelman, K.L. 1989. Notes on African plants:
AcanthaceaeSiphonoglossa and Aulojusticia in southern Africa.
Bothalia 19:
209210.
-
Immelman, K.L. 1989. Studies in the southern African species
of Justicia and Siphonoglossa (Acanthaceae): palynology. Bothalia 19:
151156.
-
Immelman, K.L. 1990. Studies in the southern African species
of Justicia and Siphonoglossa (Acanthaceae): indumentum. Bothalia 20: 6166.
-
Immelman, K.L. 1990. Studies in the southern African species
of Justicia and Siphonoglossa (Acanthaceae): seeds. Bothalia 20: 4959.
-
Immelman, K.L. 1992. Studies in the southern African species
of Justicia and Siphonoglossa (Acanthaceae): final conclusions.
Bothalia 22:
171175.
-
Leistner, O. A. 2005. Seed Plants of southern tropical
Africa: families and genera. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network
Report No. 26.
-
Lowrey, T.K. & Crawford, D.J. 1987. Electrophoretic
confirmation of the intergeneric hybrid X Ruttyruspolia (Acanthaceae).
Plant
Systematics and Evolution 158: 2935.
-
Manning, J.C. & Getliffe Norris, F.M. 1985. Taxonomic
studies in the Acanthaceae: a reappraisal of the genera Duvernoia and
Adhatoda in southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany 51: 475484.
-
Manning, J.C. & Getliffe Norris, F.M. 1995. Adhatoda. Flora
of southern Africa 30: 6264.
-
Manning, J.C. & Getliffe Norris, F.M. 1995. Duvernoia. Flora
of southern Africa 30: 1517.
-
Meyer, P.G. 1968. Acanthaceae. Prodromus
einer Flora von Sόdwestafrika 130: 1-65.
-
Retief, E. & Reyneke, W.F. 1984. The genus Thunbergia in
southern Africa. Bothalia 15: 107116.
-
Vollesen, K.B. 1981. Notes on Brillantaisia pubescens
(Acanthaceae) with particular reference to discontinuity in flower size. Kew
Bulletin 36: 569573.
-
Vollesen, K.B. 1989. A revision of Megalochlamys and
Ecbolium (Acanthaceae: Justicieae). Kew Bulletin 44: 601680.
-
Vollesen, K.B. 1990. The genus Crossandra on the African
continent. Kew Bulletin 45: 503534.
-
Vollesen, K.B. 1990. Notes on Crossandra Salisb.
(Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 45: 121135.
-
Vollesen, K.B. 1991. The identity of Asystasia striata S.
Moore (Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 46: 729731.
-
Vollesen, K.B. 1991. A revision of the African genus Sclerochiton (Acanthaceae: Acantheae).
Kew Bulletin 46: 150.
-
Vollesen, K.B. 1994. Delimitation of Angkalanthus
(Acanthaceae: Justcieae) and the new genus Chorisochora. Kew Bulletin 49:
469479.
-
Vollesen, K.B. 1994. The genus Streptosiphon (Acanthaceae:
Acantheae). Kew Bulletin 49: 401407.
-
Vollesen, K.B. 1994. Taxonomy, ecology and distribution of
Nelsonia (Acanthaceae) in Africa. In: J.H. Seyani & A.C. Chikuni (eds),
Proceedings of the 13th Plenary Meeting of AETFAT, Vol. 1: 315325. National
Herbarium and Botanic Gardens of Malawi, Zomba.
-
VOS, W. & Edwards, T.J. 1992. The genus Crossandra Salisb.
(Acanthaceae) in South Africa, including a new species. South African
Journal of Botany 58: 9499.
-
Welman, W.G. 2003. Acanthaceae. In
Germishuizen, G. & Meyer, N.L. (eds), Plants of southern Africa: an
annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14: 92-106. National Botanical
Institute, Pretoria.
|